When England Enforced Regulation With Continued British Loyalty is Called

Section 1:  England and Its Colonies The British interest in establishing colonies was influenced by Mercantilism. Nations concentrated on what is called balance of trade. This is the amount of goods sold compared to the amount bought. In 1651, the Navigation Acts were passed by english's parliament. The Navigation Acts were created to restrict colonial trade. The colonies could only export certain things to England. Almost all good had to pass through english ports. The crew of the english vessels had to be 3/4 english or colonial. They were only allowed to ship on colonial or english ships. The navigation acts turned out to be beneficial for both english and colonial people. It created jobs for english dockworkers, and created a boom in the colonial shipbuilding industry. The Dominion of New England was created by King James II. He created this in seeking to make the Colonial Governments more obedient. This was one vast colony from Southern Maine to New Jersey. King James II placed Sir Edmund Andros to be the ruler of this colony. He made it clear that he was going to enforce the Navigation Acts and smugglers would be prosecuted. He also restricted local assemblies and levied taxes without input from local leaders. His behavior outraged the Northern colonists. King James had made several enemies over the years, and when he fathered a son in 1688, England faced the possiblity of a dynasty of Roman Catholic monarchs. Parliament invited William of Orange to England. They then offered the throne to William and Mary. The aftermath of these events became known as the Glorious Revolution, Parliament passed a series of laws establishing its power over the monarch. The colonists of Massachusetts staged a bloodless rebellion,arresting Andros and his royal councilors. Massachusetts restored their original charter. Salutary Neglect was created to relax the enforcement of most regulations in return for economic loyalty of the colonies. Parliament promised that as long as raw materials continued flowing into the homeland, and the colonists continued buying english produced good, they would not supervise the colonies as closely. In nearly every colony, the king apointed one governor to be the highest authority. He had to authority to call and disband the assembly, appoint and dismiss judges, and over see al aspects of colonial trade. However, their colonial governors were not as powerful as they seemed. The economic policies were stronger in print than in practice. The colonial assembly paid the governors salary. The colonists influenced the governor in several ways, from the approval of laws to the appointment of judges. The colonies began to realize they could have a self-government that would eventually lead to the creation of a rebelion. The colonists still considered themselves loyal British subjects, eager to benefit the empire as well as themselves. Colonies had little in common that could unite them against Britain. The Northern and Southern colonies were starting to develop distinct societies, based on sharply contrasting economic systems. Section 2: The Agricultural South Robert Carter, specialized in raising a single cash crop, which is one grown primarily for sale rather than for the farmers own use. In Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia farmers grew the broad leaves of tobacco. In Georgia and South Carolina, rice and indigo were grown as successful cash crops. Plantations were developed in the South rather than towns. Planters were owners of large profitable plantations. They could ship their goods directly to the colonies and Europe without the need for city docks and warehouses due to the long rivers. There are very little cities in the South, these included Charlestown, South Carolina, which was one of the biggest port cities in the British Emoire. The South had a rural society. During the 1700's many European immigrants traveled to North America. This created a diverse population in Northern and Southern colonies. In the south, thousands of Germans settled throughout Maryland and Virginia, and even so far as South Carolina. These immigrants raised grain, livestock, and tobacco. Scots and Scot-Irish also settled in the south, mainly along the hills of western North Carolina. Small Farmers were most of the population in the South. Planters controlled the souths economy. Women in the South were considered second class citizens. They could not vote or preach. Women, even the wealthy, were mainly educated in social graces or in domestic tasks. They baked bread, or boiled meat. They milked cows, slaughtered pigs, and tended the gardens outdoors. Women of the planter class could escape these tasks, because slaves and indentured servants handeled house hold chores. They had to bow to their husbands' will. Also considered second class citizens were indentures servants. These people traded life of prison or poverty in Europe for a limited term of servitude. They saw their lives only slightly improve after leaving bondage. Between one half and two thirds of all white immigrants were indentured servants. This number declined toward the end of the century. Many Africans were part of the transatlantic trade route known as triangular trade. The voyage that brought Africans to the West Indies and than North America was known as the Middle Passage. The Stono Rebellion took place in September 1739. This revolt was when about 20 slaves gathered together to rebel. Section 3: The Commercial North Unlike in the South, those in New England and the middle colonies usually produced several crops rather than just one. They were restricted to small farms due to the harsh winters and rocky soil. In New York and Pennsylvania, farmers raised a variety of crops and livestock. Including, wheat, corn, cattle, and hogs. They produced so much food, that they sold their surplus to the West Indies. They had a diverse commercial economt in New England and Middle colonies. The North had an Urban lifestyle. The North had several ports such as Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia. Philadelphia became the second largest city in the British empire. They had a very diverse society. Immigrants such as Scot-Irish and germans began arriving in Pennsylvania. Northerners had less incentive to turn to slavery because they raised wheat and corn rather than tobacco and rice. Although, slavery did exist in New England. They enjoyed greater legal standing than slaves in the south. They could sue, and be sued, and they had the right to appeal to the highest courts. Slaves sometimes rebelled reacting to the harsh conditions. Women in the North had many responsibilities and little rights. A colonial wife had virtually no legal rights. They had unceasing labors. Religion and law served to keep women under their husbands' rule. The enlightenment was a period where reason and the scientific method began to obtain knowledge. Banjamin Franklin was a very important enlightenment thinker. Thomas Jefferson used reason to conclude that individuals had natural rights that the government had to respect. This led colonists to question the authority of the British monarchy. The Great Awakening was a religious revival. These events led to colonists begining to think for themselves. They began to question the British rule over their lives, they became independent thinkers. Section 4: The French and Indian War The French and Indian War was fought between the French and the Indians and Britain. They went to war because the French built a fort on North American land in Virginia. George Washington made a militia inorder to get the French to move, and they fought. Britain was originally loosing the fight. William Pitt got the Iroquois Indians to help fight with Britain, and this is when they began to win. In the end, the Birtish won. The Treaty Of Paris gave Britain land east of Mississippi, Canada, and Florida. The Proclamation of 1763 banned all settlement west of the Appalachians. Although, they could not enforce this anymore than they could enforce the Navigation acts, and colonists continued to move west into Native American lands. The British soldiers decided to stay and quatering troops came into effect. This allowed soldiers to force themselves into the homes of colonists. The colonists had to let them live in their houses, sometimes being kicked out themselves. They hired a man named George Grenville, a financial expert to help relieve some of Britains great debt after the war. The Sugar Acts were created. These were produced to try to reduce smuggling cases. The Sugar Acts cut tax on foreign made molasses, added tax to new imports, and it strengthened enforcement on smuggling cases.

Important People Sir Edmund Andros-He was choosen by King James II to be the ruler of the Dominion of New England. He was a veteran military officer that come from an aristocratic english family. James II- He was a ruler of England that consolidated the Northern Colonies into the Dominion of New England. He did this in order to make the colonial governments more obendient. He was overthrown by William and Mary in the Glorious Revolution. William and Mary- They overthrew James II. Helped establish the supremacy of Parliament who dissolved the Dominion of New England and than restored the colonies charter. Benjamin Franklin- He was an Enlightenment figure in the colonies. He believed in the truth through experimentation and reason. George Washington-  He was the first president. He led a militia to the French fort in Virgiania and fought for them to move. He originally won the first battle, but was captured. This fight would start the French and Indian war. William Pitt- He was a general for England who won the French and Indian War for the British by getting the Iroquious Indians to fight with them. George Grenville- He was a financial expert who originated the Sugar Acts. He was hired to relieve Britains debt. Charles II- The kind that was aggitated by Massachusetts' refusal in obeying the english laws. He revoked their charter and forced them under royal control.

Key Terms Salutary Neglect- An English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the continues economic loyalty. Glorious Revolution- A series of laws establishing its power over the monarch. Triangular Trade- A transatlantic system of trade between Africa, England, and Europe. Parliament- The country's legislative body. Mercantilism- An economic system in which nations seek to increase wealth and power by obtaining large ammounts of gold. Navigation Acts- A series of laws restricting colonial trade. Dominion of New England- The land from Soutern Maine to New Jersey and was united into one vast colony. Cash Crop- A crop grown for sale rather than fpr the farmer's own use. Slaves- People who were considered the property of others. Middle Passage- Voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies. The Great Awakening- Revivial of religious feeling in American colonies. Stono Rebellion- A 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina. Enlightenment- An 18th Century movement which was the use of reason The French and Indian War- The fourth war between Britain and France for control of North America. Sugar Act- A trade law enacted in the attempt to reduce smuggling in Britain and scientific method. Proclamation of 1763- Banned all settlement west of the Appalachians. .

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Source: https://sites.google.com/site/shannonmeagherhistory1/home/chapter-3

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